Type 2 Diabetes Explained: Causes, Risk Factors & Prevention

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes is among the most widespread chronic health conditions globally, affecting over 12.3% of the population. In the UAE, the prevalence is even higher, reaching 16.3%, according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). As a complex metabolic disorder, it affects millions of people, often without showing early symptoms. At Imperial College London Diabetes & Endocrine Centre, we aim to lead the conversation around diabetes by offering expert insight, research-backed advice, and compassionate care. This blog post will explore the causes, risk factors, and prevention strategies associated with type 2 diabetes, empowering individuals to take control of their health.

What Is Type 2 Diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels. Unlike type 1 diabetes, which is usually diagnosed in childhood and is autoimmune in nature, type 2 diabetes is largely lifestyle-related and tends to develop in adulthood, although cases in younger individuals are becoming more common.

When you have type 2 diabetes:

• Your pancreas produces insulin, but your cells don’t respond to it properly (insulin resistance).
• Over time, your pancreas may struggle to keep up with the increased demand for insulin.
• This results in high levels of glucose in the blood, which can damage various organs and systems in the body.

Causes of Type 2 Diabetes

There is no single cause of type 2 diabetes. Rather, it is usually the result of a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. These include:

1. Genetics: A family history of type 2 diabetes increases your risk.
2. Obesity: Excess body fat, especially around the abdomen, is a major contributor.
3. Physical Inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle lowers insulin sensitivity.
4. Diet: Consuming high amounts of processed foods, sugary beverages, and unhealthy fats can raise your risk.
5. Insulin Resistance: Often precedes the onset of type 2 diabetes.
6. Hormonal Conditions: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), for instance, is associated with a higher risk.

Key Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes

While anyone can develop type 2 diabetes, some people are at higher risk than others. Common risk factors include:

• Being overweight or obese
• Being aged 45 or older
• Having a sedentary lifestyle
• Having a family history of diabetes
• High blood pressure or abnormal cholesterol levels
• History of gestational diabetes or giving birth to a baby over 4kg
• Ethnic background (South Asian, Middle Eastern, and African-Caribbean communities have higher risk)
• Presence of prediabetes

Understanding these risk factors allows you to make informed choices to reduce your chances of developing the condition.

Signs and Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes
Many people with type 2 diabetes experience no symptoms in the early stages. However, as blood sugar levels rise, symptoms may include:

• Increased thirst and frequent urination
• Fatigue or lack of energy
• Blurred vision
• Slow-healing wounds
• Unexplained weight loss
• Frequent infections (e.g., skin or urinary tract)
• Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet

If you notice these symptoms, it is crucial to seek medical advice promptly. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent or delay complications.

Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes
Diagnosing type 2 diabetes typically involves a combination of the following tests:

1. Fasting Blood Glucose Test: Measures blood sugar after at least 8-10 hours of fasting.
2. HbA1c Test: Reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months.
3. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): Measures blood glucose before and after consuming a sugary drink.
   Normal, prediabetic, and diabetic ranges vary, so it is important to interpret results with guidance from a healthcare professional.

Complications of Type 2 Diabetes
When unmanaged, type 2 diabetes can lead to serious long-term complications like:

• Cardiovascular disease (heart attack, stroke)
• Kidney damage (diabetic nephropathy)
• Eye damage (diabetic retinopathy)
• Nerve damage (diabetic neuropathy)
• Foot problems that may lead to amputations
• Increased risk of infections
  This is why timely management, lifestyle modifications, and regular follow-ups are essential.

Preventing Type 2 Diabetes
The good news is that type 2 diabetes is largely preventable, especially for individuals at high risk. Prevention strategies include:
Healthy Eating:
- Choose whole grains, fresh fruits and vegetables, lean proteins, and healthy fats.
- Reduce intake of refined carbohydrates and sugary beverages.
Physical Activity:
- Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity per week.
- Include strength training exercises 2-3 times per week.
Weight Management:
- Even a 5–10% reduction in body weight can significantly reduce risk.
Regular Screenings:
- Especially if you are in a high-risk category.
Avoid Smoking:
- Smoking increases the risk of insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease.

Treating Type 2 Diabetes

If diagnosed, type 2 diabetes can be effectively managed. Treatment often involves:

1. Lifestyle Modifications: Diet and exercise form the cornerstone.
2. Oral Medications: Such as metformin to reduce blood glucose.
3. Injectables: Including insulin and GLP-1 receptor agonists, if necessary.
4. Monitoring Blood Glucose: Regular checks are vital to track progress.
5. Managing Other Conditions: Like blood pressure, cholesterol, and kidney health.

At Imperial College London Diabetes & Endocrine Centre, our multidisciplinary team includes endocrinologists, cardiologists, nephrologists, lipidologists, podiatrists, clinical psychologists, diabetes educators, and dietitians who collaborate to create personalised care plans.

Living Well with Type 2 Diabetes

A diabetes diagnosis doesn’t mean life must be limited. With the right knowledge and support, people can lead active, healthy lives. Tips for managing the condition day-to-day include:

• Follow your meal plan consistently.
• Maintain an activity routine.
• Take medications as prescribed.
• Attend regular medical check-ups.
• Stay educated and updated on your condition.

Support groups, diabetes education programmes, and counselling services can play a vital role in helping individuals manage the emotional and mental aspects of living with diabetes.

At Imperial College London Diabetes & Endocrine Centre, we are proud to support our patients through a variety of initiatives - including monthly support group meetings, quarterly diabetes education programmes, our annual Kid’s Day for younger patients, and the ongoing Patient and Family Advisory Council (PFAC), which serves as a platform for patient voices and feedback.

Services Available at Imperial College London Diabetes & Endocrine Centre

We are a trusted name in diabetes care in the UAE for almost 20 years. Our services include:

• Comprehensive diabetes assessment and diagnosis
• Personalised treatment plans
• In-house lab and diagnostic services
• Diabetes education and counselling
• Nutrition consultations
• Foot and eye screening clinics
• Support for gestational and paediatric diabetes
• Advanced therapies including insulin pumps and CGMs

For anyone at risk or currently managing type 2 diabetes, we offer holistic, patient-centred care tailored to individual needs.

Conclusion

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic yet manageable condition. With increased awareness, lifestyle changes, and access to expert medical care, individuals can reduce their risk and lead full, healthy lives. At Imperial College London Diabetes & Endocrine Centre, we are committed to providing evidence-based, patient-focused diabetes care across every stage - from prevention and early intervention to long-term management. To learn more or book an appointment, visit our website or contact us directly.